Human Biology

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in blood formation, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. Since the body cannot produce it on its own, vitamin…

The menstrual cycle is a complex process regulated by hormones, and nutrition plays a key role in supporting its balance. What a woman eats influences hormone production, energy levels, and…

Vitamins are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. They regulate metabolism, support growth and repair, and strengthen the immune system. Unlike macronutrients such as…

Sleep is a fundamental biological process that influences nearly every system in the human body, including metabolism and blood sugar regulation. In recent years, scientists have discovered strong connections between…

When exposed to cold temperatures, the human body activates several defense mechanisms to maintain its core temperature around 36.5–37.5°C. These reactions are controlled by the hypothalamus, the part of the…

The food we eat influences not only physical health but also emotional well-being. Scientists have discovered strong links between diet and mood through the way nutrients affect brain chemistry, hormones,…

Cholesterol is a fatty, wax-like substance that is naturally produced in the liver and also obtained from certain foods. Despite its negative reputation, cholesterol plays essential roles in the human…

Obesity is a condition where excessive body fat accumulates to the point that it negatively affects health. It develops when energy intake (food and drink) regularly exceeds energy expenditure (physical…